1. PEM (Protein Energy Malnutrition)
2. IDA (Iron Deficiency Anemia)
3. VAD ( Vitamin A Deficiency)
4. IDD (Iodine Deficiency Disorders)
1. PEM (Protein Energy Malnutrition)
•Inappropriate breastfeeding
•Inadequate complementary feeding
practices
•Insufficient health services (Growth
monitoring and counseling)
•Low birth weight
•Infectious diseases
•Inadequate energy intake
Consequences
•Failing to grow (underweight, stunted,
and wasted)
•Reduced learning ability
•Reduced resistance and immunity
against infection
•Reduced productivity in the
future
Causes
•Inadequate energy intake
•Inadequate knowledge and practice of
maternal feeding
•Heavy physical workload
•Lack of extra food intake during
pregnancy and lactation
2. Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)
Causes
•Inadequate intake of iron from daily
diets
•Inadequate absorption of dietary iron
•Infestations such as hookworms and
malaria
•High requirements of iron particularly
during growth and pregnancy
•Blood loss (menstruation, and injury)
•Vitamin A deficiency
Consequences
•Impaired human function at all stages
of life
•Impaired work performances, endurance
and productivity
•Increased risk of maternal morbidity
and mortality
•Increased risk of sickness and death
for the baby
3. Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD)
Causes
•Low intake of Vitamin A from daily
diets
•Restricted Vitamin A (VA) absorption
•Worm infestation
•Increased VA requirement resulting
from infectious diseases
Consequences
•Xerophthalmia (Night blindness,
Bitot’s spot, corneal ulcer, Keratomalacia, xerosis)
•Increased risk of morbidity and
mortality
•Increased risk of anemia
4. Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD)
Causes
•Lack of Iodine in food
Consequences
•Cretinism
•Goiter
•Impaired cognitive function
•Increased prenatal morbidity and
mortality
•Reduced productivity.
